Возможна ли уступка требования к признанному банкротом должнику после его освобождения от обязательств перед кредиторами?

23 августа 2019

Мария Шувалова

Возможна ли уступка требования к признанному банкротом должнику после его освобождения от обязательств перед кредиторами?
gpointstudio / Depositphotos.com

Возможность освобождения должника, признанного банкротом, от обязательств по завершении процедуры реализации его имущества поставлена законодательством в зависимость от определенных условий, в частности – от добросовестности этого лица при рассмотрении дела о его банкротстве (п. 4 ст. 213.28 Федерального закона от 26 октября 2002 г. № 127-ФЗ «О несостоятельности (банкротстве)»; далее – закон о банкротстве). Причем такие действия должника, как, например, сокрытие имущества или его незаконная передача третьим лицам являются основанием для пересмотра дела о банкротстве по вновь открывшимся обстоятельствам – по заявлению конкурсного кредитора, требования которого не были удовлетворены в рамках процедуры банкротства (ст. 213.29 закона о банкротстве). Поэтому даже в случае освобождения должника от обязательств нельзя говорить о невозможности уступки неудовлетворенных требований кредиторов – к такому выводу пришел Верховный Суд Российской Федерации, рассмотрев жалобу организации, которой было отказано в признании правопреемником банка – кредитора должника по причине осуществления уступки требований после освобождения должника-банкрота от обязательств (определение Судебной коллегии по экономическим спорам ВС РФ от 5 августа 2019 г. № 308-ЭС17-21032).

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Как следует из материалов данного дела, гражданка О. (далее также – должник) – поручитель по кредитам, выданным ОАО «М.», руководителем которого она являлась, АО «Р.» (далее – банк) – была признана банкротом 19 января 2016 года. Процедура реализации ее имущества была завершена 5 мая 2017 года, а 4 августа того же года было принято решение об освобождении должника от обязательств перед кредиторами, в том числе перед банком, являющимся кредитором третьей очереди (постановление Пятнадцатого арбитражного апелляционного суда от 4 августа 2017 г. № 15АП-9282/2017). 24 января банк уступил ООО «А.» (далее – правопреемник) требования по заключенному с должником договору поручительства в полном объеме, таким образом, правопреемник получил право на взыскание с должника суммы основного долга, процентов за пользование кредитом и пени (ст. 384 Гражданского кодекса). На этом основании он обратился в суд с заявлением о внесении в реестр требований кредиторов должника сведений о совершенной замене кредитора, и суд, исходя из того, что процессуальное правопреемство возможно на любой стадии процесса (ч. 1 ст. 48 Арбитражного процессуального кодекса), это заявление удовлетворил (определение Арбитражного суда Краснодарского края от 7 сентября 2018 г. по делу № А32-37685/2015). Суд апелляционной инстанции, в который гражданка О. обратилась с жалобой на нарушение своих прав произведенной заменой стороны, оставил без изменения решение суда первой инстанции, указав среди прочего, что процессуальное правопреемство никак не влияет на факт освобождения должника от обязательств перед кредиторами (постановление Пятнадцатого арбитражного апелляционного суда от 2 ноября 2018 г. № 15АП-16579/2018).

Согласно обозначенной в кассационной жалобе позиции должника требования к нему не могут являться предметом уступки, так как считаются погашенными в связи с освобождением от обязательств. Поэтому в случае, когда требование, от исполнения которого должник освобожден, предъявлено по завершении реализации имущества, производство по нему должно быть прекращено. Суд кассационной инстанции эти доводы поддержал, подчеркнув, что передачу требования, от исполнения которого должник освобожден, нельзя считать правопреемством в материальном правоотношении, а без него невозможно и процессуальное правопреемство, и отменил решения нижестоящих судов (постановление Арбитражного суда Северо-Кавказского округа от 21 января 2019 г. № Ф08-11639/2018).

В свою очередь ВС РФ, разделяя мнение о том, что освобождение гражданина от исполнения требований кредиторов в рамках процедуры банкротства действительно является экстраординарным способом прекращения обязательств физического лица, действия которого отвечают критериям добросовестности, напомнил, что наличие обстоятельств, прямо препятствующих в соответствии с законом освобождению должника от обязательств, может быть установлено и после завершения процедуры реализации имущества. При этом для того чтобы воспользоваться правом на подачу заявления о пересмотре дела о банкротстве должника по вновь открывшимся обстоятельствам конкурсный кредитор должен обладать соответствующим процессуальным статусом. А значит, суд первой инстанции, учитывая среди прочего возможность выявления таких обстоятельств в данном деле, поскольку правопреемник уверен в сокрытии должником имущества, за счет которого могли быть удовлетворены требования кредиторов, пришел к правильному выводу о правомерности замены стороны в процессе, заключил ВС РФ и отменил решение кассационного суда, оставив без изменения акты судов первой и апелляционной инстанций.

Источник: zakonia.ru

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